Pension Sustainability: Virginia
Pensions Policy
Analysis of Virginia's policies
As of June 30, 2015, the most recent date for which an actuarial valuation is available, Virginia's pension system for teachers is 69.2 percent funded, an increase of 3.4 percentage points since NCTQ's last report. Its current pension debt for teachers is $10,300 per pupil throughout the state. It also has an amortization period of 27 years. This means that if the plan earns its assumed rate of return and makes its full actuarially determined contribution payments, it would take the state 27 years to pay off its unfunded liabilities. Its funding ratio does not meet the recommended minimum standard, and the state's system is not financially sustainable according to actuarial benchmarks.
In addition, Virginia requires excessive resources to fund its teachers' retirement system. Combined, the current employer contribution rates of 14.66 percent to the defined benefit component and 1 percent to the defined contribution component are too high, in light of the fact that districts must also contribute 6.2 percent to Social Security. While this rate was established to allow the state to pay off liabilities within the required 30-year period, it does so at a high cost, precluding Virginia from spending those funds on other, more immediate means to retain talented teachers. The mandatory employee contribution rates of 4 percent to the defined benefit plan and 1 percent to the defined contribution plan are reasonable.
Recommendations for Virginia
Ensure that the pension system is financially sustainable.
The state would be better off if its system was 95 percent funded to allow more protection during financial downturns. Virginia, however, should consider ways to improve its funding level without raising the contributions of local districts and teachers. Committing excessive resources to pension benefits can negatively affect teacher recruitment and retention and crowd out funding for other areas in education. Improving funding levels necessitates, in part, systemic changes in the state's pension system. The goals on pension flexibility and pension neutrality provide suggestions for pension system structures that are both sustainable and fair.
State response to our analysis
Virginia did not respond to repeated requests to review this analysis.
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Delivering Well Prepared Teachers
- Admission into Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Reading Instruction
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Mathematics
- Early Childhood
- Middle School Teacher Preparation
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- Secondary Teacher Preparation in Science and Social Studies
- Special Education Teacher Preparation
- Special Education Preparation in Reading
- Assessing Professional Knowledge
- Student Teaching
- Teacher Preparation Program Accountability
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Identifying Effective Teachers
- State Data Systems
- Evaluation of Effectiveness
- Frequency of Evaluations
- Tenure
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Retaining Effective Teachers
Exiting Ineffective Teachers
Pensions
Research rationale
Teacher salaries are just one part of the compensation package that teachers receive. Virtually all teachers are also entitled to a pension, which, upon vesting, provides compensation for the rest of their lives after retirement. In an era when retirement benefits have been shrinking across industries and professions, teachers' generous pensions remain fixed. In fact, nearly all states continue to provide teachers with a defined-benefit pension system, an expensive and inflexible model that neither reflects the realities of the modern workforce nor provides equitable benefits to all teachers.
Under defined benefit systems, states have made an obligation to fund fixed benefits for teachers at retirement. However, the financial health and sustainability of many states' systems are questionable at best. Some systems carry high levels of unfunded liabilities, with no strategy to pay these liabilities down in a reasonable period, as defined by standard accounting practices. Without reform, these systems are a house of cards, vulnerable to collapse as funding cannot keep up with promised benefits. And it is taxpayers who will have to pay if it all tumbles down.
Pension plans disadvantage teachers early in their careers by overcommitting employer resources to retirement benefits.
Pension Sustainability: Supporting Research
NCTQ's analysis of the financial sustainability of state pension system is based on actuarial benchmarks promulgated by government and private accounting standards boards. For more information see U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007, 30 and Government Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 25.