Alternate Route Preparation: Virginia
Expanding the Pool of Teachers Policy
Analysis of Virginia's policies
Although Virginia offers alternate routes with streamlined
preparation, it could do more to meet the immediate needs of new teachers.
Candidates in the Career Switcher Program must complete 180 clock hours of
instruction, including field experience, as part of their induction program.
Coursework includes curriculum and instruction methods, standards of learning,
differentiation of instruction, classroom/behavior management, and human growth
and development. During the first year, candidates attend at least five
seminars for a minimum of 20 cumulative instructional hours.
Virginia is commended for both the length of its Career Switcher alternate
route program and its coursework requirements, which offer the flexibility and
content that new teachers need in order to succeed in the classroom, without being
overly burdensome.
The Alternate Route to Licensure program requires Pre-K-3, elementary Pre-K-6
and middle school candidates to complete 18 semester hours of coursework.
Secondary candidates complete 15 semester hours of coursework. Topics include
human growth and development, curriculum and instructional procedures,
classroom and behavior management and foundations of education. Elementary
candidates also complete six semester hours of language acquisition and
reading, and middle school candidates must complete six semester hours of
reading in the content area and language acquisition.
Career Switcher candidates have a practice-teaching opportunity and participate
in a mentoring program. Mentors assist in implementing a professional
development plan; observe, assist and coach new teachers; share resources and
materials; and provide support regarding school procedures.
Alternate Route to Licensure candidates do not have a practice-teaching
opportunity. The school district is required to provide a mentor to all new
teachers.
Upon successful completion of all program requirements, candidates are eligible
for a standard certificate. The Alternate Route to Licensure program can take three years while the Career Switched program can take up to two years.
Recommendations for Virginia
Establish coursework guidelines for all alternate route preparation programs.
Virginia should ensure that coursework requirements contribute to the immediate needs of new teachers for all of its alternate routes. Appropriate coursework should include grade-level or subject-level seminars, methodology in the content area, classroom management, assessment and scientifically based early reading instruction.
Consider providing opportunities to practice teach to all candidates.
While Virginia is commended for offering an opportunity to
student teach in the Career Switcher Program, the state may want to consider
providing all of its candidates with a practice-teaching opportunity prior to
entering the classroom.
Strengthen the induction experience for new teachers.
Virginia is commended for requiring all new teachers to work
with a mentor; however, there are insufficient guidelines indicating that the
induction program is structured for new teacher success. Effective strategies
include intensive mentoring with full classroom support in the first few weeks
or months of school, a reduced teaching load and release time to allow new
teachers to observe experienced teachers during each school day.
Ensure program completion in less than two years.
Virginia should consider shortening the length of time it takes an Alternate Route to Licensure program teacher to earn standard certification. The route should allow candidates to earn full certification no later than the end of the second year of teaching.
State response to our analysis
Virginia recognized the factual accuracy of this analysis.
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Virginia
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Delivering Well Prepared Teachers
- Admission into Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Reading Instruction
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Mathematics
- Early Childhood
- Middle School Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation in Science and Social Studies
- Special Education Teacher Preparation
- Special Education Preparation in Reading
- Assessing Professional Knowledge
- Student Teaching
- Teacher Preparation Program Accountability
Expanding the Pool of Teachers
Identifying Effective Teachers
- State Data Systems
- Evaluation of Effectiveness
- Frequency of Evaluations
- Tenure
- Licensure Advancement
- Equitable Distribution
Retaining Effective Teachers
Exiting Ineffective Teachers
Pensions
Research rationale
Alternate route
programs must provide practical, meaningful preparation that is sensitive to a
new teacher's stress level.
Too many states have policies requiring alternate route
programs to "backload" large amounts of traditional education
coursework, thereby preventing the emergence of real alternatives to
traditional preparation. This issue is especially important given the large
proportion of alternate route teachers who complete this coursework while
teaching. Alternate route teachers often have to deal with the stresses of
beginning to teach while also completing required coursework in the evenings and
on weekends. States need to be careful to require participants only to meet
standards or complete coursework that is practical and immediately helpful to a
new teacher.
Induction support is
especially important for alternate route teachers.
Most new teachers—regardless of their preparation—find
themselves overwhelmed on taking responsibility for their own classrooms. This
is especially true for alternate route teachers, who may have had considerably
less classroom exposure or pedagogy training than traditionally prepared
teachers. While alternate route programs will ideally have provided at least a
brief student teaching experience, not all programs can incorporate this into
their models. States must ensure that alternate route programs do not leave new
teachers to "sink or swim" on their own when they begin teaching.
Alternate Route Preparation: Supporting Research
For
a general, quantitative review of the research supporting the need for states
to offer an alternate route license, and why alternate routes should not be
treated as programs of "last resort," one need simply to look at the
numbers of uncertified and out of field teachers in classrooms today, readily
available from the National Center for Education Statistics. In addition, with
U.S. schools facing the need to hire more than 3.5 million new teachers each
year, the need for alternate routes to certification cannot be underestimated.
See also E.R. Ducharme and M.K. Ducharme, "Quantity and quality: Not enough to go around." Journal of
Teacher Education, Volume 49, No. 3, May 1998, pp. 163-164.
Further,
scientific and market research demonstrates that there is a willing and able
pool of candidates for alternate certification programs—and many of these
individuals are highly educated and intelligent. In fact, the nationally
respected polling firm, The Tarrance Group, recently conducted a scientific
poll in the State of Florida, identifying that more than 20 percent of
Floridians would consider changing careers to become teachers through alternate
routes to certification.
We
base our argument that alternative-route teachers should be able to earn full
licensure after two years on research indicating that teacher effectiveness
does not improve dramatically after the third year of teaching. One study
(frequently cited on both sides of the alternate route debate) identified that
after three years, traditional and alternatively-certified teachers demonstrate
the same level of effectiveness, see J.W. Miller, M.C. McKenna, and B.A. McKenna, "A comparison of alternatively and traditionally prepared teachers". Journal of Teacher Education, Volume 49, No. 3, May 1998, pp. 165-176. This finding is
supported by D. Boyd, D. Goldhaber, H. Lankford, and J. Wyckoff, "The Effect of Certification and Preparation on Teacher Quality." The Future of Children, Volume 17, No. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 45-68.
Project
MUSE (http://muse.jhu.edu/), found that student achievement was
similar for alternatively-certified teachers as long as the program they came
from was "highly selective."
The
need for a cap on education coursework and the need for intensive mentoring are
also backed by research, as well as common sense. In 2004, Education Commission
of the States reviewed more than 150 empirical studies and determined that
there is evidence "for the claim that assistance for new teachers, and, in
particular, mentoring [have] a positive impact on teachers and their retention."
The 2006 MetLife Survey of the American Teacher validates these conclusions. In
addition, Mathematica (2009) found that student achievement suffers when
alternate route teachers are required to take excessive amounts of coursework.
See An Evaluation of Teachers Trained
Through Different Routes to Certification: Final Report at: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED504313.pdf
See
also Alternative Certification Isn't Alternative (NCTQ, 2007)
at: http://www.nctq.org/p/publications/docs/Alternative_Certification_Isnt_Alternative_20071124023109.pdf.