Hiring Policy
Substitute License(s): Oklahoma does not offer substitute licenses, but it does maintain minimal requirements regarding the length of assignment of substitute teachers
(see below). Additional substitute requirements are determined at the
district level.
Length of Assignment: A substitute in Oklahoma may teach no more than 90 days during the school year. If the substitute has a lapsed certificate or a bachelor's degree they can teach for no more than 100 days. If the substitute has a valid teaching certificate, the number of days that can be taught is unlimited. The number of consecutive days that can be taught in the same assignment is determined at the district level.
Substitutes in special education settings who do not hold a valid teaching certificate must complete an in-service training if teaching more than 15 consecutive days in the same assignment.
Evaluation of Long-term Substitutes: Oklahoma has no requirements for the evaluation of any of its substitute teachers. It is unclear whether substitutes with a valid teaching certificate are subject to evaluation under the state's evaluation requirements.
Require substitute teachers to have a substitute license.
Oklahoma should require all substitute teachers to obtain a substitute teaching license. Licenses issued by the state allow for uniform minimum requirements so that all districts have access to a similarly qualified substitute teaching pool.
Distinguish requirements for short-term and long-term substitutes.
Oklahoma should distinguish between requirements for short-term and long-term substitutes so that it can ensure that its requirements are appropriate for the needs of these teachers. The state's long-term substitute requirements should be rigorous (e.g., that all long-term substitutes have current or expired licenses) to help ensure that teachers who are spending extended periods of time with students are prepared to do so.
Limit the number of consecutive days a short-term substitute can teach in the same classroom.
Oklahoma should limit the number of consecutive days a short-term substitute can teach in the same classroom without completing additional requirements or obtaining a long-term substitute license. The maximum number of days should be no more than 10 percent of the length of the school year. Oklahoma's lack of state policy regarding the number of consecutive days a substitute may teach in the
same classroom may be detrimental to instructional quality and daily productivity.
Require long-term substitute teachers to be evaluated.
Oklahoma should maintain standards for substitute teacher quality and accountability for all substitutes, but especially for long-term substitutes who are expected to stand in for licensed teachers for extended periods of time. Oklahoma can help ensure that substitute teachers are held to high standards and have access to the supports necessary to improve their practice by requiring evaluations—
which it may find appropriate to modify from its standard, state-required
teacher evaluations— of long-term substitutes.
Oklahoma recognized the factual accuracy of this analysis.
Research finds that teacher absences negatively affect student achievement and growth.[1] While some of this is attributable to the disruption of regular classroom practices and instruction,[2] it may also be attributable to substitute teacher quality. The gap in instructional quality and daily productivity when a regular teacher is replaced by a substitute teacher is significant.[3] However, absences covered by substitutes licensed by the state are not as detrimental to student achievement as those covered by non-licensed substitutes.[4] Some research hypothesizes that the low-skill level and mobility of substitute teachers may contribute to the reduction in instructional focus and quality and that even when substitute teachers are good instructors, they may be unable to effectively implement a teacher of record's long-term instructional strategies.[5] Parents, teachers, principals, and students have concerns about substitute teachers' quality and qualifications.[6] States should maintain rigorous standards for substitute teacher quality and accountability for all substitutes, but especially for long-term substitutes who are expected to stand in for teachers for long stretches of time.