Retaining Effective Teachers Policy
Evidence of Effectiveness: Arkansas's requirements for licensure advancement and renewal are not based on evidence of teacher effectiveness.
Advancing to a Professional License: Arkansas allows all candidates who meet its initial requirements to be eligible for the five-year standard license. Applicants seeking licensure in early childhood, elementary education, middle childhood, or secondary social studies must complete three credit hours of Arkansas history. The state's new Educator Career Continuum allows districts to issue the following licenses: early career professional educator designation (a first-time standard license); career professional educator designation (must have at least three years of experience and provide verification of performing at the level of an effective teacher); lead professional educator designation (must have at least three years of experience, provide verification of an effective performance evaluation, and demonstrate competency in teacher leadership); and master professional educator designation (must have at least three years of experience, provide verification of an effective performance evaluation, and have earned either National Board certification, a master's degree, or various awards). However, the state's evaluation system does not require that objective measures of student growth be factored into the evaluation score.
Renewing a Professional License: Arkansas teachers must obtain 36 hours of professional development annually.
Require evidence of effectiveness as a part of teacher licensing policy.
Arkansas should require evidence of teacher effectiveness to be a factor in determining whether teachers may renew or advance to a higher-level license.
Discontinue license requirements with no direct connection to classroom effectiveness.
Although some targeted requirements may potentially expand teacher knowledge and improve teacher practice, Arkansas's general, nonspecific coursework requirements for license renewal merely call for teachers to complete a certain amount of seat time. These requirements do not correlate with teacher effectiveness.
End requirement tying teacher advancement to master's degrees.
Arkansas should remove its mandate that teachers obtain a master's degree for optional license advancement. Research is clear that a master's degree generally does not have any significant correlation with classroom performance. Rather, advancement should be based on evidence of teacher effectiveness.
Arkansas recognized the factual accuracy of this analysis.
9A: Licensure Advancement
The reason for probationary licensure should be to determine teacher effectiveness. Most states grant new teachers a probationary license that must later be converted to an advanced or professional license. A probationary period is sound policy as it provides an opportunity to determine whether individuals merit professional licensure. However, very few states require any determination of teacher performance or effectiveness in deciding whether a teacher will advance from the probationary license. Instead, states generally require probationary teachers to fulfill a set of requirements to receive advanced certification. Therefore, ending the probationary period is based on whether a checklist has been completed rather than on teacher performance and effectiveness.
Most state requirements for achieving professional certification have not been shown to affect teacher effectiveness.[1] Unfortunately, not only do most states fail to connect advanced certification to actual evidence of teacher effectiveness, but also the requirements teachers must most often meet are not even related to teacher effectiveness. The most common requirement for professional licensure is completion of additional coursework, often resulting in a master's degree. Requiring teachers to obtain additional training in their teaching area would be meaningful; however, the requirements are usually vague, allowing the teacher to fulfill coursework requirements from long menus that include areas having no connection or use to the teacher in the classroom.[2] The research evidence on requiring a master's degree is quite conclusive: with rare exceptions, these degrees have not been shown to make teachers more effective.[3] This is likely due in no small part to the fact that teachers may not attain master's degrees in their subject areas.
In addition to their dubious value, these requirements may also serve as a disincentive to teacher retention. Talented probationary teachers may be unwilling to invest time and resources in more education coursework. Further, they may well pursue advanced degrees that facilitate leaving teaching.